Athenian control over the league grew as some "allies" were reduced to the status of tribute-paying subjects and by the middle of the 5th century BC (the league treasury was moved from Delos to Athens in 454 BC) the league had been transformed into an Athenian empire. Now unable to resist him, Phillip compelled most of the city states of southern Greece (including Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos; but not Sparta) to join the Corinthian League, and therefore become allied to him. The Athenian dominated Delian League of cities and islands extirpated Persian garrisons from Macedon and Thrace, before eventually freeing the Ionian cities from Persian rule. TH-04A Thracian Peltast, 4th Century BC (1pc) US$56 Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes inhabiting a large area in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Someone who is hostile to, feels hatred towards, opposes the interests of, or . It also allowed a higher proportion of the soldiers to be actively engaged in combat at a given time (rather than just those in the front rank). It was divided into city-states Athens and Sparta were among the most powerfulthat functioned independently of one another. The Pentecontaetia was marked by the rise of Athens as the dominant state in the Greek world and by the rise of Athenian democracy, a period also known as Golden Age of Athens. 83124. The Greco-Persian Wars (499448 BC) were the result of attempts by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great, and then his successor Xerxes I to subjugate Ancient Greece. Since Thucydides focused his account on these developments, the term is generally used when discussing developments in and involving Athens.[1]. Following the decisive clash, Carthage fell and the one-time scourge of the republic fled into exile. As the massive Persian army moved south through Greece, the allies sent a small holding force (c. 10,000) men under the Spartan king Leonidas, to block the pass of Thermopylae whilst the main allied army could be assembled. 1200 BC- 800 BC) refers to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century BC to the rise of the first Greek city-states in the 9th century BC and the epics of Homer and earliest writings in alphabetic Greek in the 8th century BC. 476The Conquest of Scyros: The invasions continued with success on a par with Cimon's prior campaigns. (He does, however, speak of Greece settling down gradually and colonizing Italy, Sicily, and what is now western Turkey. Ancient literary sources emphasize the necessity of a proper burial and refer to the omission of burial rites as an insult to human dignity (Iliad23: 71). The shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome, 125166. 457The Battle of Oenophyta: After the Spartans returned home from Tanagra, the Athenians conquered Boetia and Phocis after a battle at Oenophyta. In ancient Greece, an utterance received at a shrine. A History of Greek Art. Tactically, the hoplites were very vulnerable to attacks by cavalry[citation needed], and the Athenians had no cavalry to defend the flanks. At the end of the fifth century B.C., Athenian families began to bury their dead in simple stone sarcophagi placed in the ground within grave precincts arranged in man-made terraces buttressed by a high retaining wall that faced the cemetery road. Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of It scouted, screened, harassed, outflanked and pursued with the most telling moment being the use of Syracusan horse to harass and eventually destroy the retreating Athenian army of the disastrous Sicilian expedition 415-413 B.C. Conversely, another defeat and loss of prestige meant that Sparta was unable to regain its primary position in Greece. However, most scholars believe[citation needed] it was an act of vengeance when Megara revolted during the early parts of the Pentecontaetia. The war ended when the Persians, worried by the allies' successes, switched to supporting the Spartans, in return for the cities of Ionia and Spartan non-interference in Asia Minor. The Greek wings then turned against the elite troops in the Persian centre, which had held the Greek centre until then. They considered both political and Anthropologists currently believe that Ancient Roman and Greek folk probably didn't take down . 469Operation in Asia Minor and the Battle of Eurymedon: From the beginning of 469 to 466, the Delian league led an army to Asia Minor against Persia. If the Athenians were to turn their backs on Sparta, the city would not be able to protect itself. Ancient Greek civilization, also commonly called Ancient Greece, was a large place in the northeast of the Mediterranean Sea, where people spoke the Greek language.It was much larger than the country of Greece we know today. Men were also equipped with metal greaves and also a breastplate made of bronze, leather, or stiff cloth. According to Thucydides, Sparta decided to dismiss Cimon's Athenian Army, because they felt that Athens would convince the Helots on Ithome to form a coalition and besiege Sparta. He was the son of the politician Xanthippus, who, though ostracized in 485-484 BC, returned to Athens to command the Athenian contingent in the Greek victory at Mycale just five years later. Athens was able to benefit from this invasion since the region was rich in timber, which was critical to building Athens' burgeoning naval fleet. The Dorians were considered the people of ancient Greece and received their mythological name from the son of Hellen, Dorus. In about 1100 B.C., a group of men from the North, who spoke Greek, invaded the Peloponnese. Connolly, Peter, Greece and Rome at War, London: Greenhill Books, 1998. With more resources available, he was able to assemble a more diverse army, including strong cavalry components. Even using Athens' weakest soldiers, being the old and young men who were left behind in the city, they were able to win the war against Corinth with ease. Encrypted compact disc has poem imprinted in it, Two-handled ewer-like 12-across of ancient Greece, Ancient Greece's so called father of history. These developments ushered in the period of Archaic Greece (800480 BC). Greece was divided into city-states. Spartans instead relied on slaves called helots for civilian jobs such as farming. One of the main materials they created was the iron sword with the intention to slash. Pomeroy, Sarah B., et al. Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. The phalanx formed the core of ancient Greek militaries. Anderson, J. K., Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970. Garland, Robert. It is believed that an enemy, Eurystheus of Mycenae, is the leader who invaded The Dorians. Hoplites were armored infantrymen, armed with spears and shields. The political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements of ancient Greek civilization formed alegacywith unparalleled influence on Western civilization. If a hoplite escaped, he would sometimes be forced to drop his cumbersome aspis, thereby disgracing himself to his friends and family. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society. Equally important to the understanding of this period is the hostility to Dorians, usually on the part of Ionians, another linguistic and religious subgroup, whose most-famous city was Athens. Chattel slavery in ancient Greece was widespread. The revolt was crushed by 494 BC, but Darius resolved to bring mainland Greece under his dominion. [2] The Phalanx also became a source of political influence because men had to provide their own equipment to be a part of the army. Eventually, these types effectively complemented the Macedonian style phalanx which prevailed throughout Greece after Alexander the Great. This dream was interpreted by Hecabe's stepson Aesacus, who was amongst the most famous seers of the ancient world; Aesacus would decipher the premonition as meaning that . The revenge of the Persians was postponed 10 years by internal conflicts in the Persian Empire, until Darius's son Xerxes returned to Greece in 480 BC with a staggeringly large army (modern estimates suggest between 150,000 and 250,000 men). Athens would eventually spend 1200 talents to fund the war through the Delian League's treasury. That is a surprisingly abstract way of looking at the subdivisions of the Greeks, because it would have been more natural for a 5th-century Greek to identify soldiers by home cities. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. The conflict was concluded by the Thirty Years' Peace, which lasted until the end of the Pentecontaetia and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. The Delian League (hereafter 'Athenians') were primarily a naval power, whereas the Peloponnesian League (hereafter 'Spartans') consisted of primarily land-based powers. the 465Operations in Northern Greece: Athens' powers and desire for expansion grow. Transferring the powers of the Areopagus to all Athenian citizens enabled a more democratic society. A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, Kagan, Donald, The Peloponnesian War, New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2004. In ancient Greece, the governor or perfect of a province; It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. These disputes, along with a general perception that Athenian power had grown too powerful, led to the breakdown of the Thirty Years Peace; the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC. Any citizen would have the right to challenge a previous degree instilled by the Areopagus and claim it as invalid. Greek Art and Archaeology. Dictionary New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. The war (or wars, since it is often divided into three periods) was for much of the time a stalemate, punctuated with occasional bouts of activity. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. One of the most famous troop of Greek cavalry was the Tarantine cavalry, originating from the city-state of Taras in Magna Graecia. The Thebans acted with alacrity to establish a hegemony of their own over Greece. From the start, the mismatch in the opposing forces was clear. Following this victory, the Thebans first secured their power-base in Boeotia, before marching on Sparta. As for Greece's enemies, there are multiple. Spartan feeling was at that time very friendly towards Athens on account of the patriotism which she had displayed in the struggle with Mede. Important for the understanding of the Archaic and Classical periods, however, is the powerful belief in Dorianism as a linguistic and religious concept. Between 356 and 342 BC Phillip conquered all city states in the vicinity of Macedon, then Thessaly and then Thrace. To battle the enormous armies of the Achaemenid Empire was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The Greek 'Dark Ages' drew to an end as a significant increase in population allowed urbanized culture to be restored, which led to the rise of the city-states ( Poleis ). The persuasive qualities of the phalanx were probably its relative simplicity (allowing its use by a citizen militia), low fatality rate (important for small city-states), and relatively low cost (enough for each hoplite to provide his own equipment). Lamentation of the dead is featured in Greek art at least as early as the Geometric period, when vases were decorated with scenes portraying the deceased surrounded by mourners. After burning Eretria, the Persians landed at Marathon. More importantly, it permitted the formation of a shield-wall by an army, an impenetrable mass of men and shields. Power and rich architecture were amongst several of the influences from the Dorians. Hornblower, Simon, "Sticks, Stones, and Spartans: The Sociology of Spartan Violence," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. "An Overview of the Dorian Invasion Into Greece." Half of a mutual agreement made with an itchy dog? Relatives of the deceased, primarily women, conducted the elaborate burial rituals that were customarily of three parts: the prothesis (laying out of the body (54.11.5), the ekphora (funeral procession), and the interment of the body or cremated remains of the deceased. Omissions? [4] This maneuver was known as the Othismos or "push." The major innovation in the development of the hoplite seems to have been the characteristic circular shield (aspis), roughly 1m (3.3ft) in diameter, and made of wood faced with bronze. Thousands of years before machine learning and self-driving cars became reality, the tales of giant bronze robot Talos, artificial woman Pandora and their creator god, Hephaestus, filled the imaginations of people in ancient Greece. The Corinthians was also able to influence the Spartans to join the cause, since Sparta didn't want to lose such an affluent ally. The Spartans were victorious, but they found themselves stuck in this foreign land. Darius was already ruler of the cities of Ionia, and the wars are taken to start when they rebelled in 499 BC. During the early hoplite era cavalry played almost no role whatsoever, mainly for social, but also tactical reasons, since the middle-class phalanx completely dominated the battlefield. 458The Battle of Tanagra: According to Thucydides, the Spartans, motivated by ethnic solidarity, sent out 1500 Hoplites and an additional 10,000 from their allies' forces to suppress the Phocians' army invading Doris. Pedley, John Griffiths. This allowed diversification of the allied armed forces, rather than simply mustering a very large hoplite army. Pomeroy, Sarah B., et al. Although tactically there was little innovation in the Peloponessian War, there does appear to have been an increase in the use of light infantry, such as peltasts (javelin throwers) and archers. Van Wees, Hans, Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities, London: Duckworth, 2005. Lazenby, John F., Spartan Army, Warminster, Wiltshire: Aris & Phillips, 1985. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Specifically, when The Dorians conquered the Minoans and Mycenaean civilizations, The Dark Age emerged. A crown for a king! Amongst the allies therefore, Athens was able to form the core of a navy, whilst other cities, including Sparta, provided the army. ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 bce, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 bce. For one thing, it will be seen that state formation may itself be a product of the colonizing movement. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Failing that, a battle degenerated into a pushing match, with the men in the rear trying to force the front lines through those of the enemy. Enter a Crossword Clue Engels, Donald, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978. The pentekontaetia began in 479 and ended with the outbreak of war. Greek armies gradually downgraded the armor of the hoplites (to linen padded thorax and open helmets) to make the phalanx more flexible and upgraded the javelineers to lightly armored general purpose infantry (thorakitai and thyreophoroi) with javelins and sometimes spears. You probably wouldn't even survive daily life there . The legend is that when the Dorians were pushed out of their homeland, the sons of Herculeseventually inspired the Dorians to battle their enemies in order to take back control of the Peloponnese. Myth of the legendary Odysseus All rights reserved. According to the ancient Greeks, it is possible there could have been such an invasion. After the exile of Cimon in Athens, his rivals Ephialtes and Pericles implemented democratic social reforms. Fisher, Nick, "Hybris, Revenge and Stasis in the Greek City-States," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity; as, an antique statue. They also restored the capability of organized warfare between these Poleis (as opposed to small-scale raids to acquire livestock and grain, for example). Having developed a navy that was capable of taking on the much-weakened Athenian navy, the Spartan general Lysander seized the Hellespont, the source of Athens' grain. After they refused to disband their army, an army of approximately 10,000 Spartans and Pelopennesians marched north to challenge the Thebans. The city-states of Ancient Greece had different governments and were constantly changing alliances. This brought the rebels to terms, and restored the Spartan hegemony on a more stable footing. Shortly after the Greek victory of 479 BC, Athens assumed the leadership of the Delian League, a coalition of states that wished to continue the war against Persia. (2021, February 16). Though the victory at Himera is widely seen as a defining event for Greek identity, analysis of the DNA of 54 corpses found in graves unearthed in Himera's west necropolis traced professional soldiers to regions near modern Ukraine, Latvia, and Bulgaria.[9]. Much more lightly armored, the Macedonian phalanx was not so much a shield-wall as a spear-wall. 5782. This established a lasting Macedonian hegemony over Greece, and allowed Phillip the resources and security to launch a war against the Persian Empire. Athenian slaves tended to enjoy more freedom than those elsewhere. ancient Egypt; a nomarchy. Alexander the Great. 447Athens' forces were defeated at Coronea, causing the Athenian army to flee Boeotia. It is believed that the Dorians owned land and evolved into aristocrats. This angered the Corinthians. Marble monuments belonging to various members of a family were placed along the edge of the terrace rather than over the graves themselves. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail, Dominion Post and many others popular newspaper. The period between the catastrophic end of the Mycenaean civilization and about 900 bce . A province or political division, as of modern Greece or , , are the top translations of "enemy" into Ancient Greek (to 1453). One major reason for Phillip's success in conquering Greece was the break with Hellenic military traditions that he made. In the Odyssey, Homer describes the Underworld, deep beneath the earth, where Hades, the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, and his wife, Persephone, reigned over countless drifting crowds of shadowy figuresthe shades of all those who had died. (Mnemosyne, Supplements 409). Grant, Michael, and John Hazel. The later years of the Pentecontaetia were marked by increasing conflict between Athens and the traditional land powers of Greece, led by Sparta. The Athenians thus avoided battle on land, since they could not possibly win, and instead dominated the sea, blockading the Peloponnesus whilst maintaining their trade. Athletics in Ancient Greece; Death, Burial, and the Afterlife in Ancient Greece; Greek Art in the Archaic Period; Scenes of Everyday Life in Ancient Greece; Ancient Greek Bronze Vessels; Art and Craft in Archaic Sparta; Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition; Classical Antiquity in the Middle Ages; Classical Cyprus (ca. With revolutionary tactics, King Philip II brought most of Greece under his sway, paving the way for the conquest of "the known world" by his son Alexander the Great. War also stimulated production because of the sudden increase in demand for weapons and armor. This inevitably reduced the potential duration of campaigns, as citizens would need to return to their jobs (especially in the case of farmers). 480 . This was at the time where monarchy and kings as a form of government were becoming outdated, and land ownership and democracy became a key form of rule. Thucydides, the great ancient historian of the 5th century bce, wrote a sketch of Greek history from the Trojan War to his own day, in which he notoriously fails, in the appropriate chapter, to signal any kind of dramatic rupture. Death, Burial, and the Afterlife in Ancient Greece. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The rise of Athens and Sparta during this conflict led directly to the Peloponnesian War, which saw diversification of warfare. Updated on January 30, 2019. by aristocratic families of Attica in private burial grounds along the roadside on the family estate or near Athens. The grave, which dates to about 1000 bce, contains the (probably cremated) remains of a man and a woman. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. However, in the aftermath of a catastrophic earthquake and subsequent helot uprising in Sparta, no attackif indeed such was projectedwas launched. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail, Dominion Post and many others popular newspaper. Department of Greek and Roman Art. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, amounting to anywhere between 5 and 15% for the winning and losing sides respectively,[7] but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front. Once firmly unified, and then expanded, by Philip II, Macedon possessed the resources that enabled it to dominate the weakened and divided states in southern Greece. 460The Athenian Expedition to Egypt: Athens led a coalition with the Egyptians to rebel against Persia. The origin of the Dorians is not completely certain, though the general belief is that they are from Epirus or Macedonia. After Ephialtes death, his younger partner Pericles continued with reforms, transforming Athens into the most democratic city-state of Ancient Greece. and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce N.S. Thus, that find and those made in a set of nearby cemeteries in the years before 1980 attesting further contacts between Egypt and Cyprus between 1000 and 800 bce are important evidence. The basic political unit was the city-state. Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. [clarification needed]. It was a time about which Greeks of the Classical age had confused and actually false notions. Greece; Spartan. Snodgrass, A., "The Hoplite Reform and History," Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. Greece to a congress or council. Gill, N.S. At the decisive Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), the Thebans routed the allied army. A grave, rich by the standards of any period, was uncovered at a site called Lefkandi on Euboea, the island along the eastern flank of Attica (the territory controlled by Athens). He took the development of the phalanx to its logical completion, arming his 'phalangites' (for they were assuredly not hoplites) with a fearsome 6m (20ft) pike, the 'sarissa'. Aristotle. [citation needed] The Persians had acquired a reputation for invincibility, but the Athenian hoplites proved crushingly superior in the ensuing infantry battle. Rawlings, Louis, "Alternative Agonies: Hoplite Martial and Combat Experiences beyond the Phalanx," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. Well, we shouldn't say toilet paper exactly. 110122. The Peloponnesian War (431404 BC), was fought between the Athenian dominated Delian League and the Spartan dominated Peloponnesian League. -- used as a symbol of comedy, or of the comic drama, as distinguished Thucydides writes about how this period of growth was an inevitable cause of war, Their supremacy grew during the interval between the present war and the Persian wars, through their military and political actions recounted below against the barbarians, against their own allies in revolt, and against the Peloponnesians whom they encountered on various occasions. (1.97 [2]). The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative historiography, while earlier ancient history or protohistory is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy . A league of states of ancient Greece; esp. 85, 1965, pp. Greek political ideas have influenced modern forms of government, Greek pottery and sculpture have inspired artists for millennia, and Greek epic, lyric, and dramatic poetry is still read around the world. Van Crefeld, Martin, Technology and War: From 2000 B.C. Pertaining to Doris, in ancient Greece, or to the Dorians; The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, . Although both countries are allied under NATO, there are Continue Reading 9 1 2 Best, Jan G. P., Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on the Greek Warfare, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1969. Cavalry had always existed in Greek armies of the classical era but the cost of horses made it far more expensive than hoplite armor, limiting cavalrymen to nobles and the very wealthy (social class of hippeis). Darius was the fourth king of the Achaemenid empire, but not directly descended from the founder Cyrus II (~600-530 BCE). The second major challenge Sparta faced was fatal to its hegemony, and even to its position as a first-rate power in Greece. At the end of the fifth century B.C., Athenian families began to bury their dead in simple stone sarcophagi placed in the ground within grave precincts arranged in man-made terraces buttressed by a high retaining wall that faced the cemetery road. Along with the rise of the city-states evolved a new style of warfare: the hoplite phalanx. Leonidas (Mid 6th century-480 BCE) was the king of Sparta who led the Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE).. Conflict between city-states was common, but they were capable of banding together against a common enemy, as they did during the Persian Wars (492449BCE). 441The Samian Revolt: Athens decided to besiege Samos after their revolt in 441. London: Dent, 1993. Political and legal sources of resentment, Athenian aggression outside the Peloponnese, The effect of the Persian Wars on philosophy, The conquest of Bactria and the Indus valley, https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece, PBS LearningMedia - Emergence of Cities and the Prophecies of Oracles | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Homer and the Gods - The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Building the Navy | The Greeks, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece, Eurasia, National Geographic Kids - Facts about Ancient Greece for kids, PBS LearningMedia - The Rise of Alexander the Great, PBS LearningMedia - The Birth of Democracy | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Religion | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Economy | The Greeks, ancient Greece - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), ancient Greece - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The remainder of the wars saw the Greeks take the fight to the Persians. One is bound to notice, however, that archaeological finds tend to call into question the whole concept of a Dark Age by showing that certain features of Greek civilization once thought not to antedate about 800 bce can actually be pushed back by as much as two centuries. 3d ed., rev. The Persian War was a 50 year series of conflicts between the Greeks and the Persians, for control of the Mediterranean. A relief depicting a generalized image of the deceased sometimes evoked aspects of the persons life, with the addition of a servant, possessions, dog, etc. The hoplite was a well-armed and armored citizen-soldier primarily drawn from the middle classes. 479Rebuilding of Athens: Although the Greeks were victorious in the Persian War, many Greeks believed that the Persians would retaliate. 432The Potidaean Affair: Athens was threatened by the possibility of a revolt at Potidaea, plotted by Corinth and Macedon. However, the lightly armored Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armored hoplites, and the Persian wings were quickly routed. ), Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, London: Routledge, 1993. This allowed the Herakleids and Dorians to become socially intertwined. The Greeks had cultural traits, a religion, and a language in common, though they spoke many dialects. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/dorian-invasion-into-greece-119912. First, scale. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Every man had to serve at least two years in the army. Some scholars believed that Sparta might have aided Samos as well, but decided to pull out, having signed the Thirty-year peace treaty. Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed.. Roisman, Joseph, and translated by J.C Yardley, This page was last edited on 2 December 2021, at 12:28. Who's Who in Classical Mythology. The ancient Greeks were a culture that lived thousands of years ago. This led the Persian army to mobilize a force to fight Cimon in the Battle of Eurymedon in Pamphylia. In the year 507 B.C., the Athenian leader Cleisthenes introduced a system of political reforms that he called demokratia, or "rule by the people . Athens claimed that Megarians insulted them by trespassing on land sacred to Demeter and murdering an Athenian ambassador.
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