Finally, lectures may be combined with other teaching methods to give added meaning and direction, The lecture method of teaching needs to be very flexible since it may be used in different ways. True performance as a professional is based on study and. The instructor must determine the method to be used in developing the subject matter. Careful preparation is one key to successful performance as a classroom lecturer. The pilot informed the controller that he was low on fuel and needed to land as soon as possible. Unlike other forms of projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a laptop computer, On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own disadvantages. An experienced instructors knowledge and skill regarding methods of instruction may be compared to a maintenance technicians toolbox. Other aids, which are usually more expensive, are projected materials, video, computerbased programs, and models, mock-ups, or cut-aways. The instructor needs to keep up with the discussion and know when to intervene with questions or redirect the groups focus. While this is the most widely used form of presentation and instructors should know how to develop and present a lecture, they also should understand the advantages and limitations of this method, Lectures are used for introduction of new subjects, summarizing ideas, showing relationships between theory and practice, and reemphasizing main points. It also may be difficult to find good programs for certain subject areas, and the expense associated with the equipment, software, and facilities must be considered. The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. To be a teacher implies one has completed some type of formal training, has specialized knowledge, has been certified or validated in some way, and adheres to a set of standards of performance. The revised performance-based objective may now read, "Using a sectional chart and a flight computer, plan a flight and fly from point A to point B in a Cessna 172. This concept has led to the adoption of scenario-based training (SBT) in many fields, including aviation. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by. The instructor usually shows these primary relationships by developing the main points in one of the following ways: from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, and most frequently used to least used, In this pattern of development, the subject matter is arranged chronologically, from the present to the past or from the past to the present. Since much of the new technology is based on computer technology, instructors with well-developed computer skills are in demand, Although the explosion of training technology offers new opportunities, instructors must remember their main teaching goals and be selectively receptive to new possibilities. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. He has turned this knowledge into practical knowledge utilized in the teaching process. The 250 hours of flying required to take the exams must take place in an actual cockpit. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. The reasons for using a follow-up question may vary. The instructor begins by telling a story, showing a video clip, asking a question, or telling a joke. For example, Marks closest friends bought him a ticket for a playoff game at their alma mater and they paid him to rent an airplane. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" The instructors tools are teaching methods. Flight Instructor Responsibilities. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate Before leaving this phase, the instructor should encourage students to ask questions about any step of the procedure that they do not understand, The instructor must show students the actions necessary to perform a skill. Another use of computers would allow students to review procedures at their own pace while the instructor is involved in hands-on training with other students. The following four steps should be followed in the planning phase of preparation: Establishing the objective and desired outcomes, In all stages of preparing for the teaching lecture, the instructor should support any point to be covered with meaningful examples, comparisons, statistics, or testimony. Good newspapers offer examples of the effective use of simple words. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. The extemporaneous presentation reflects the instructors personal enthusiasm and is more flexible than other methods. This may include important safety considerations, Select the ideas to be supported with instructional aids. The description should be in concrete terms that can be measured. Since charts may consist of a series of single sheets or be tied together in a flip-chart format with several pages, the location and handling of them should be planned in advance, A graph is a symbolic drawing which shows relationships or makes comparisons. These slide shows can be only bulleted information or incorporate animation and video clips. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. The criteria should be stated so that there is no question whether the objective has been met. Someone who teaches is, of course, a teacher or, for the purposes of this handbook, an instructor. As mentioned in chapter 3, covering a subject in too much detail is as bad or worse than sketchy coverage. Students can answer the second question by merely saying "Denver," but the first question is likely to start a discussion of air density, engine efficiency, and the effect of temperature on performance, It is the instructors responsibility to help students prepare themselves for the discussion. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards in actual flight. Go back to and try again", Interactive CDs and DVDs solve one of the main problems of passive video in that it increases involvement of the student in the learning process. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. Some of these include study guides, exercise books, course outlines, and syllabi. They can explore areas that interest them and discover more about a subject on their own. If a desired capability is to navigate from point A to point B, the objective as stated is not specific enough for all students to do it in the same way. Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability bywho killed dr john yelenic. The instructor should set up and adjust the equipment and lighting beforehand and then preview the presentation. There are several types of charts that can be used in presenting data such as pie charts, flow charts, and organizational charts, among others. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. Clearly defined training objectives that the student understands are essential to the teaching process regardless of the teaching technique used, Research into how people learn has led many experts to recommend ways to present lessons that keep the attention of a class. 740 park avenue documentary netflix . Regardless of which is used, it should relate to the subject and establish a background for developing the learning outcomes. For example, the presentation is not designed to replace the instructor. For example, it would be possible for a technicians eyes to easily move back and forth from computer-generated technical data to the actual hardware while diagnosing and correcting a maintenance problem, Trends in training indicate a shift from the typical classroom to more extensive use of a lab-type environment with computer work or study stations. For instance, scale replicas are often very expensive. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. Poorly organized information is of little or no value to the student because it cannot be readily understood or remembered, An effective conclusion retraces the important elements of the lesson and relates them to the objective. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. Telling a story or a joke that is not related in some way to the subject distracts from the lesson. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. Computer-aided information is particularly useful for aviation maintenance activities. Provisions for logging training time can be incorporated so the syllabus could also serve as the training record for the student, instructor, or school. The instructor said the incident might have been a catalyst for the rule's implementation in 1981. Such syllabi not only present the course of training in a logical step-by-step, building block sequence, they contain provisions to remind both students and instructors of critical regulatory training benchmarks which are approaching. The instructor should consider that the student may neither believe nor understand any point without the use of testimony from SMEs or without meaningful examples, statistics, or comparisons. It can be an enlargement, a reduction, or the same size as the original. Organizing a lesson so the students grasp the logical relationships of ideas is not an easy task, but it is necessary if the students are to learn and remember what they have learned. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS Applicants for the Flight Instructor Rating shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing Transport Canada multiple choice examinations on the subjects contained in this guide. Use flight deck technology in a safe and appropriate way, Be confident in a wide variety of flight situations, and, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Another example is dead reckoning, which forces pilots to be aware of there surroundings at all times. On the other hand, CAL is a useful tool for aviation instructors. It was a cautionary tale of a flight crew failing to compartmentalize their problems and adhere to the sterile cockpit rule. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. People skills are the ability to interact, talk, understand, empathize, and connect with people. Another important people skill used by effective instructors is to challenge students intellectually while supporting their efforts to learn. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. E-learning can be as basic as an online college course taken via e-mail or as sophisticated as refining flight techniques in a helicopter simulator, Time flexible, cost competitive, learner centered, easily updated, accessible anytime, and anywhere, e-learning has many advantages that make it a popular addition to the field of education. Students do not learn to weld during one shop period or to perform crosswind landings during one instructional flight. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. For example, a student pilot may enroll in a private pilot certificate course, and upon completion of all course requirements, be awarded a graduation certificate. By organizing in this manner, the instructor phrases the questions to help the students obtain a firm grasp of the subject matter and to minimize the possibility of a rambling discussion, Plan at least one lead-off question for each desired learning outcome. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. Similarly, the instructor can prepare the prediscussion assignment more effectively while conducting research for the classroom period. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Participants in a class may be located on different continents, yet share the same teaching experience. This overview can alleviate a significant source of uncertainty and frustration on the part of the student, As indicated in chapter 1, training objectives apply to all three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, values), and psychomotor (physical skills). In this method, students observe the skill and then try to reproduce it. In the discussion, the instructor should be certain that the main points discussed build logically with the objective. The airlines, as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and universities, have used similar facilities for many years, Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality (VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. The pilot did not report any mechanical deficiencies with the airplane during the attempted approaches. In preparing questions, the instructor should remember that the purpose is to stimulate discussion, not merely to get answers. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. The actual training requirements are based in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and other publications used by designated pilot and maintenance examiners when they conduct practical tests. By symbolizing the factors involved, it is even possible to visualize abstract relationships, Instructors are frequently asked to teach more and more in a smaller time frame. The body of the lecture follows with a summary of the lectures main points at the end, The teaching lecture is favored by aviation instructors because it allows some active participation by the students. best dj pool for old school music. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. Defining a "good instructor" has proven more elusive, but in The Essence of Good Teaching (1985), psychologist Stanford C. Ericksen wrote "good teachers select and organize worthwhile course material, lead students to encode and integrate this material in memorable form, ensure competence in the procedures and methods of a discipline, sustain intellectual curiosity, and promote how to learn independently", Much research has been devoted to trying to discover what makes a "good" or effective instructor. While developing the lesson, the instructor also should strongly consider the use of examples and personal experiences related to the subject of the lesson, After completing the preliminary planning and writing of the lesson plan, the instructor should rehearse the lecture to build self-confidence. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. Three types of problem-based instruction are discussed: scenario based, collaborative problem-solving, and case study, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. With this setup, the physical facility is usually referred to as a learning center or training center. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. The examiner for the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) is required to ask four questions in each of the subject areas, which are required by the regulations to be taught. The student may then conduct a review of questions missed, Some of the more advanced CAL applications allow students to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their responses. It can be used during classroom periods and preflight and postflight briefings. Whatever type of projected training aid used, it is essential for the content to be current and support the lesson, Use of projected materials requires planning and practice. As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. To be an effective instructor, it is important to determine which teaching methods best convey the information being taught, In the lecture method, the instructor delivers his knowledge via lectures to students who are more or less silent participants. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. It is a realistic situation that allows the student to rehearse mentally for a situation and requires practical application of various bits of knowledge. For example, consider a video presentation given during the weight and balance lecture. The most basic stepping stones to be traversed by a student pilot going after a certificate involve figuring out where she or he wants the airplane to go and learning the monkey motion involved in causing it to go there. Students in these centers are often monitored by a teachers aide or other trained personnel who can provide guidance, answer questions, and act as a conduit to the instructor who is responsible for the training. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. Manage the daily maintenance efforts for 9 P-3C aircraft to meet short and long range flight tasking. While it is important to provide hands-on tasks in the lesson plan to engage students in active learning, it is also important to ensure the tasks are completed safely and correctly, In Chapter 2, The Learning Process, learning was defined as "a change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience. Consequently, it is more commonly used in lecturing than in guided discussion, The instructor who wants to phrase a question for followup purposes may choose the overhead type. The constant use of "What If?" Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. Care must be taken to display only a small amount of material and to make the material as simple but meaningful as possible, Numerous other useful print items may be considered as supplemental training aids. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. Visual aids must be visible to the entire class. by [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO Having decided on the objectives, an instructor can use this information to complete many of the steps on the lesson plan. Of even more significance is that the same data also suggest that SBT students demonstrate better decision-making skills than maneuver based studentsmost likely because their training occurred while performing realistic flight maneuvers and not artificial maneuvers designed only for the test, Research also indicates SBT may lead to improved piloting and navigation skills over traditional maneuver-based training techniques. Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. The guided discussion has three main parts: introduction, discussion, and conclusion. Experienced CFIs have been using scenarios that require dynamic problem solving to teach cross-country operations, emergency procedures, and other flight skills for years. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood.
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