mir osman ali khan family tree

Another great grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza wrote to prime minister in this regard along with Election Commission of India, requesting political parties not to use Nizam's name in today's politics as it is both disrespectful to such a great personality. Nizams Hyderabad state was merged with India on 17 September 1948. [5][9], The 7th nizam donated 5000 kgs of Gold to Indian Govt during Indo-China war in 1965.[10][11]. However, his power weakened because of the Telangana Rebellion and the rise of the Razakars, a radical Muslim militia who wanted Hyderabad to remain under Muslim rule. The Asaf Jah dynasty had only seven rulers; however there was a period of 13 unstable years after the rule of the first Nizam when two of his sons (Nasir Jung,and Salabath Jung) and grandson Muzafur Jung ruled. . Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, the Seventh Nizam. Nizm-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600 to mean Administrator of the Realm. Azam Jah, Walashan Nawab Mir Himayat Ali Khan Bahadur, Prince of Berar, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan. The Nizam was forced to accept accession to the new Union of India. Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII and his family including Salar Jung I were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig Bahadur, who was his political advisor,[27] and the senior-most salute state among the Indian princely states. 90,000 crores was discovered in its vault. In 1724 Mughal control weakened, and Asaf Jah became virtually independent of the Mughal Empire; Hyderabad would then become a tributary of the Maratha Confederacy, losing a series of battles through the 18th century. [80] But unlike the other princely states, Nizam refused to sign the instrument of accession. It was established on 8August 1941 under the Hyderabad State Bank Act. They were never officially recognised[by whom?] As a family member, Azmath Jah, has . Sahibzadi Khair un-nisa Begum. [98], In 1947, the Nizam made a gift of diamond jewels, including a tiara and necklace, to the future Queen ElizabethII on the occasion of her marriage. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. According to sources that are close to the former Royal Family of the Hyderabad State, the Prince is not in good health though there is "nothing worrisome." Upon Osman's death in 1967, he became the titular Nizam. HALT THE RISING CONSUMPTION OF ULTRA- PROCESSED FOODS, The truth about Adanis big buck business, Back to the future: Lessons from Putins doctrine. These 120 descendants, now formed into a association of sorts for long, have assembled in Hyderabad as soon as the UK court ruling was out on 4 October and resolved to fight for their share in the wealth, if not equally with both the princes who were supported by the Indian government. The princely states were left free to make whatever arrangement they wished with either India or Pakistan. He issurvivedby his wife,Rasmanajari Devi who is also an MLA, and three sons. [106][107][108][109][110][111]from his 8 wives[112][113][114][115][116], His second son HH Moazzam Jah had three wives[citation needed] first being princess Nilofer. Once one of the richest men in the world, he ruled over a state the size of Italy. Genealogy profile for H.E.H MIR OSMAN ALI KHAN. The 'mess-khana', close to the King Kothi palace, was . Hyderabad: One of the grandsons of seventh - and last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan has said that the properties of the ruler of erstwhile Hyderabad State belong to his 34 children and not to Prince Mukarram Jah alone. He later declared Hyderabad an independent state as the third dominion, attempting to become an independent monarchy in the British Commonwealth, but the Government of India refused to accept this. He was also the richest man on earth [1] with the Golconda mines making Hyderabad the main supplier of diamonds in the world at that time. This family belonged to the Sunni sect. He ruled Hyderabad State between 1911 and 1948, until it was annexed by India. [13] He also played a key role in thwarting the rebellion by Prince Akbar and alleged rebellion by Prince Mu`azzam. [33][failed verification], In 1908, three years before the Nizam's coronation, the city of Hyderabad was struck by a major flood that resulted in the death of thousands. The Nizam Family Welfare Association is planning to call on Union Minister of State for Home G. Kishan Reddy who hails from Hyderabad for a negotiated settlement. He made donation Rs 10 Lakh for the Banaras Hindu University[6] and Rs. [44], Nearly all the major public buildings and institutions in Hyderabad city, such as the Hyderabad High Court, Jubilee Hall, Nizamia Observatory, Moazzam Jahi Market, Kachiguda Railway Station, Asafiya Library (State Central Library, Hyderabad), the Town Hall now known as the Assembly Hall, Hyderabad Museum now known as the State Museum; hospitals like Osmania General Hospital, Nizamia Hospital and many other buildings were constructed under his reign. During his 37-year rule, electricity was introduced, and railways, roads and airports were developed. [35] (For example, No. [53], The Nizam founded agricultural research in the Marathwada region of Hyderabad State with the establishment of the Main Experimental Farm in 1918 in Parbhani. [6][7][8] Hindus were also given highest of the government posts; like 2-time Prime Minister of Hyderabad - Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad, Maharaja Chandu Lal and Raja Sham Raj I. Raja Sham Raj II, a member of H. E. H Nizam's Executive Council. He was the head of the House of Asaf Jah until his death in 2023. [36], In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of Mahabharata in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute located in Pune. Mir Osman Ali Khan Family Tree Father - Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI Mother - Azmat-uz-Zahrunnisa Begum Successor - Barkat Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VIII Mir Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne on August 11, 1911, after the death of his father and the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Mahbub Ali Khan. Sahebzada Syed Mansoor Ali, who is married to Tipus great granddaughter, Sahebzadi Raheemunnisa, has been campaigning to get financial help to the Sultans family members. [35] Part of the reason behind his unique title of "His Exalted Highness" and other titles was due to the huge amounts of financial help that he provided the British amounting nearly 25 million (1,295,631,000 in 2023). Towards this end, he kept up open negotiations with the Government of India regarding the modalities of a future relationship while opening covert negotiations with Pakistan in a similar vein. Mir Osman Ali's net worth is nearly around the wealth of Elon Musk - presently, the globe's wealthiest person at Dollar 286 billion. [49], His eldest son was Azam Jah (21 February 1907 9 October 1970),was the Prince of Berar. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 19361941: Lieutenant-General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, GCSI, GBE[130] Nevertheless, he became the Rajpramukh postindependence based on public vote. [100], Unlike his father, he was not interested in fine clothing or hunting. The Asaf Jahi was a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Hyderabad State. 19121917: Colonel His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI[130] According to Sir Roper Lethbridge in The Golden Book of India (1893), the Nizams are lineally descended from the First Caliph Abu Bakr, the successor of the Islamic prophet Muhammed. Born in September 1927, Unnissa Begum was the daughter of Khadera . His Exalted Highness H.E.H Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII was the last Nizam of Hyderabad. The Nizam capitulated on 17 September 1948; that same afternoon he broadcast the news over the State radio network. The Nizam ruled over more than 16 million people and 82,698 square miles (214,190km2) of territory when the British withdrew from the sub-continent in 1947. Contribution to Indian National defence, The Nizam donated Rs. [12][13][14] Among them was the Jacob Diamond, valued at some 50 million (in 2008 terms),[15][16][17] and used by the Nizam as a paperweight.[18]. The president of the Executive Council would also be the prime minister of Hyderabad. His first Royal. He wanted to remain an independent state or join Pakistan. 8,000 to Tirupati Balaji Temple as yearly grants. [97], Along with the Nizams jewels, two Bari gold coins worth hundreds of crores, were considered the rarest in the world. He was educated privately and reportedly became fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English. Mir Osman Ali Khan was born 5 [3] or 6 April 1886, the second son of Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI and Azmat-uz-Zahra Begum [contradictory] at Purani Haveli (also known as Masarrat Mahal palace). The airport terminal was constructed in 1937. [citation needed], The Begumpet Airport was established in the year 1930 with the eventual formation of Hyderabad Aero Club by the Nizam in 1936. [39] The first commercial flight took off from the airport in 1946. He was also a philanthropist, donating millions of rupees to various educational and religious institutions all over India. 1000 per year for a period of 11 years. Under the supervision of Major General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, one division of the Indian Army and a tank brigade invaded and captured Hyderabad. It was spread over 223,000km2 (86,000sqmi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. AsafJah7 Al-Quaiti-Family.jpeg. His Exalted Highness H.E.H Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII was the last Nizam of Hyderabad. The new Indian government wasn't happy that a sovereign state would exist right at the center of India. [citation needed], Places and things named after the Nizam include Nizamabad, a city and district in the state of Telangana; Jamia Nizamia, a university; the Nizam College; the Nizam's Museum; the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway; the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; the Jewels of the Nizams; the Nizam Diamond; the Nizam Sagar, HMAS Nizam, Nizamia observatory; the Nizam Club; the Nizam of Hyderabad necklace; the Nizam's Contingent; the Nizam Gate; the Nizam Palace; Government Nizamia General Hospital; and H.E.H. Married Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutasawwil Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang: This page was last edited on 3 February 2023, at 15:00. Last Nizam of Hyderabad from 1911 to 1948, Donation towards the compilation of the Holy Mahabharata, Donation in Gold to the National Defence Fund. Born as the eldest son of Azam Jah and Drrehvar Sultan, he was named successor to the title of Nizam of Hyderabad by his grandfather Mir Osman Ali Khan. [22] The Nizams developed the railway, introduced electricity, and developed roads, airways, irrigation and reservoirs; in fact, all major public buildings in Hyderabad City were built during his reign during the period of British rule in India. [28], On the recommendation of the Viceroy of India, Lord Elgin in 1898, in early 1899 Sir Brian Egerton (of the Egerton family and former tutor to Maharajah of Bikaner Ganga Singh) was appointed as Mir Osman Ali Khan's English tutor for two years. Descendants of Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad With a wealth of $236 billion equivalent to 17,49,80,07,600 (inflation-adjusted), the Nizam was ranked the 6th richest person in. )[36] He also paid for a Royal Navy vessel, the N-class destroyer, HMASNizam commissioned in 1940 and transferred to the Royal Australian Navy. 29,999 to the Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam[56] and Rs. The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals, schools, colleges, and universities that imparted education in Urdu. Before indepedence, India was a land of several kingdoms, big and small. Quick access. [80], This proposal for independence was rejected by the British government, but the Nizam continued to explore it. She was 93. [31] The pace at which the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937, also known for his miserliness. By donating to major educational institutions throughout India, he introduced many educational reforms during his reign. The next year, following the death of his uncle Muhammad Amin Khan who had been a power-broker in the Mughal Court, Qamaruddin returned to Delhi and was made the wazir (prime minister). Primary education was made compulsory and provided free for the poor. [7] Bilolikar, eds. Post-independence, he became the Rajpramukh of Hyderabad State between 1950 and 1956, after which the state was partitioned and became part of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. 19111912: His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI[130] 50,000 towards the re-construction of Sitarambagh temple located in the old city of Hyderabad,[56] and bestowed a grant of 100,000 Hyderabadi rupees towards the reconstruction of Thousand Pillar Temple. They also gave Hyderabad its own railway network - the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway[35] which helped in setting up various industries. [10] With some estimate placing his wealth at 2% of U.S. GDP,[10] his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937. Father Mahbub Ali Khan Asaf Jah. Khan, as well as some of the eminent members of the Association, is planning to persuade the princes to set aside a portion of the Rs 302 crore wealth as a corpus fund so that interest generated out of it can be doled out to needy members. He then lived in splendid retirement with 3 wives, 42 concubines, 200 children, 300 servants, and aging retainers, including a private army. Primary education was made compulsory and free for the poor. Sahebzadi Basheer Unnissa Begum, the last surviving child of Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad, breathed her last Tuesday. The family came to India in the late 17th century and became employees of the Mughal Empire.They were great patrons of Persian culture, language, and literature, and the family found ready patronage.. As per the latestreports, around 120 descendents of the last Nizam of Hyderabad are now fighting a legal battle to get their due share in 36 million pounds deposited in a London bank seven decades ago. Two reservoirs, Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar, were built during his reign, to prevent another great flood in the city. 19171918: Colonel His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI, GBE[130] About Mir Osman Ali Khan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan His Exalted Highness Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi, Asaf Jah VII GCSI GBE (6 April 1886 - 24 February 1967), was the last Nizam (ruler) of the princely state of Hyderabad, the largest princely state in British India. Death 24 Feb 1967 - King Khoti Palace, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. A formal request was made to the seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan who in no time released a farman of Rs.1000 per year for a period of 11 years. Short of funds, he was forced to sell his palace, that has now been turned into a girls high school. as rulers. [29] He was estimated to be worth 660 crores (roughly US$2 billion by the then exchange rates). After formation of India, he was made Rajpramukh (Governor) of Andhra Pradesh based on Public demand. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport by Deccan Airways Limited, the first airline in British India. The word is derived from the Persian language, as in Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (11 April 1018 14 October 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Persian: , "Order of the Realm"). Khan told the local media on Friday that he was trying to contact both Muharram Jah and Mufffakham Jah. 19181936: Lieutenant-General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI, GBE[130] [24] He died on Friday, 24 February, 1967. [50][need quotation to verify], In 1956, the Reserve Bank of India took over the bank as its first subsidiary and renamed it State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH). Once known as a playboy prince of colonial India, the Raja of Tigiria used to live in a palace, hunted big game and travelled by elephant when he wasnt racing one of his 25 vintage cars. The brooches and necklace were still worn by the Queen until her death and the necklace is known as the Nizam of Hyderabad necklace. The UK court ruling is a sort of sweet revenge not only for the princes, but also for India as it came against Pakistan which sought ownership of the funds deposited by Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, the Seventh Nizam in late 1947, and then about one million British pounds. Mir Zahoor Uddin Ali Khanwas born on month day1911. Family tree. His abdication on 17 September 1948 was the end of the dynasty's ambitions. [21] By then; however, his power had weakened because of the Telangana Rebellion and the rise of a radical militia known as the Razakars whom he could not put down. Mirpassed away on month day1985, at age 74. The collection includes gemstones, turban ornaments, necklaces and pendants, belts and buckles, earrings, armbands, bangles and bracelets, anklets, cufflinks and buttons, watch chains, and rings, toe rings, and nose rings. In 1937, he was featured on the cover of Time magazine, labelled as the 5th richest man in history and the richest Indian ever. Ruled by rajas, these kingdoms were immensely wealthy even during the British rule. Appealing to the special alliance he claimed with the British, he placed his case for the full independence of his state before the United Nations. It was the only state in India which had its own currency, and the only state in British India where the ruler was allowed to issue currency. He owned a fleet of Rolls Royce and used as paperweight the 'Jacob diamond', a 184.75-carat polished solitaire . Later he was made the Rajpramukh of Hyderabad State between 1950 and 1956, after which the state was partitioned and became part of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah Asaf Jah III (1803-29) The third Nizam inherited a successful state. As head of the family, Jah presides over a wealth worth around Rs 15,000 crore in Hyderabad and elsewhere. [15], In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. [8], In the year 1932, The Bhandarkar oriental research institute in Pune, needed money for the compilation and publication of the Hindu epic-Mahabharata and a guest house. Most of them are engaged in odd jobs like pulling rickshaws, repairing cycles, or as electricians or tailors. 1. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Birth 6 Apr 1886 - Purani Haveli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. ", Millions of people of all religions from different parts of the state entered Hyderabad in trains, buses and bullocks for a last glimpse of their king in a coffin in the King Kothi Palace Camp in Hyderabad. 82,825 to the Yadagirigutta temple at Bhongir, Rs. It merged with SBI on 31March 2017. After the Independence of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad chose to join neither the Dominion of India nor the Dominion of Pakistan. [38] The establishment of Osmania University was highly lauded by Nobel-Prize Laureate-Poet Rabindranath Tagore who was overjoyed to see the day when Indians are "freed from the shackles of a foreign language and our education becomes naturally accessible to all our people". During his rule, agricultural education was available only at Hyderabad; crop research centres for sorghum, cotton, and fruits existed in Parbhani. A formal request was made to Mir Osman Ali Khan who granted Rs. However, this process would begin only after a month or so as Pakistan has got a month time to go for an appeal against the London court in the UK. He was also the richest man on earth[1] with the Golconda mines making Hyderabad the main supplier of diamonds in the world at that time. [41], A donation of Rs. [40], The Nizam arranged a matrimonial alliance with deposed caliph AbdulmejidII whereby the Nizam's first son Azam Jah would marry Princess Durrushehvar of the Ottoman Empire. 6000. The Indian Army invaded Hyderabad on 13 September 1948 and defeated his untrained forces. The last Nizam had 18 sons and 16 daughters. Since the mid-1980s, they formed into a group, the Nizam Family Welfare Association and started fighting for their due share in the Nizam properties. [86][87][88][89] He used the Jacob Diamond, a 185-carat diamond that is part of the Nizam's jewellery, as a paperweight. In 1918 he patronized the founding of Osmania University, Hyderabad. Utharadom Tirunal Marthanda Varma became theheadof the royal family after his elder brother andthe last princely ruler of Travancore, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, passed away in 1991. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. The Nizams were conferred with the title of His Exalted Highness, and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" for their roles in the Second and Third Anglo-Mysore Wars and the Indian Rebellion of 1857,[28] becoming the only Indian prince to be given both these titles. On 1October 1959, SBH and the other banks of the princely states became subsidiaries of SBI. He recentlypassedaway in September 2020 after contracting COVID-19. Mir Qamaruddin Khan, the founder of the line of Nizams, was born of the couple, thus descending from two prominent families of the Mughal court. [3][103] His first son Azam Jah married Durru Shehvar, (daughter of the Ottoman caliph Abdul MejidII), while his second son Moazzam Jah married Niloufer, (a niece of the Ottoman sultan). [14] The Nizam Museum documents state: "The streets and pavements of the city were littered with the pieces of broken glass bangles as an incalculable number of women broke their bangles in mourning, which Telangana women usually do as per Indian customs on the death of a close relative. Nearly all the major public buildings and institutions in Hyderabad city, such as Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad High Court, Jubilee Hall, Nizamia Observatory, Nizamia Hospital, Moazzam Jahi Market, Kachiguda Railway Station, Asafiya Library now known as the State Central Library, Hyderabad, Town Hall now known as the Assembly Hall, Hyderabad Museum now known as the State Museum and many other monuments were built during his rule. It was this source of revenue that led Time magazine to designate Mir Osman Ali Khan as the richest man in the world (for its 1937 cover), with a fortune estimated at nearly $2 billion. In 1918, King George V elevated Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur from "His Highness" to "His Exalted Highness". [34], He was given the title of "Faithful Ally of the British Crown" after World War One because of his financial contribution to the British Empire's war effort. the Nizam's Charitable Trust and the Nizam Family Welfare Association. AsafJah7 Ghalib-bin-Awad-alQuaiti Mutter ca1956.jpeg. Two reservoirs, namely Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were built during his reign, to prevent another great flood in the city. He never moved to Chowmahalla Palace, even after his accession to the throne. The Asaf Jahi dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi (Asaf Jah I), who served as a Naib of the Deccan sultanates under the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1721. He lived in an impoverished state in a mud hut, away from his family. Here are some of their stories. [83] The annexation was over in just 109 hours or roughly 4 days. Mir Osman Ali Khan The Nizams were the rulers of Hyderabad from the 18th through the 20th century. Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi, Bayafandi. In his will, he asked to buried in Masjid-e Judi, a mosque where his mother was buried, that faced King Kothi Palace. The Nizams retained internal power over Hyderabad State until 17 September 1948, when Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Union. [61][62], In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of the Holy Mahabharata by the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute located in Pune. The money won by the two princes is now worth Rs 302 crore in Indian currency. In the early 1650s, on his way to hajj, Abid Khan stopped in Deccan, where the young prince Aurangzeb, then Governor of Deccan, cultivated him. In 2018, Nawab Fazal Jah, his last surviving son had passed away. He was made president (rajpramukh) of the state but had to accept the advice of Cabinet ministers responsible to an elected legislature until his state was absorbed by neighbouring states in the 1956 general reorganization of boundaries. Once his kingdom was merged with the Indian republic in 1947, he lost his states tax revenues and instead was given an annual income of Rs.11,200 by the state. He was educated privately and reportedly became fluent in Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English. He pushed education, science, and establishment of Osmania University. There is a Nizam Family Trust headed by Jah, but he stays abroad, mostly in Turkey and rarely visits India; so the descendants pleas left unattended. MIR MUMTAZ ALI KHAN, 1920 - 2007MIR MUMTAZALI KHAN19202007 MIR MUMTAZ ALI KHANwas born on month day1920.

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