Spouse: None. Foreign Affairs. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Boston Spa, Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Born: 7 September 1533. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Boston Spa, Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Company Reg no: 04489574. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). LS23 6AD -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. . This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic.
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