Following the Biblical tale from the New Testament, Rembrandt The Raising of Lazarus, c. 1632 dramatically captures the moment in which Lazarus rises from the grave. The work was noticed by several Old Master dealers and was thought to depict Smell. . Lent is a time for prayer and reflection on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Some historical collections are famous among the cognoscenti for their quality and size. ], Man wearing a close cap: bust [The artist's father? If you are looking for the value of your limited edition artwork-- we have a $50 charge for certificates of value if you provide the title, the number of your piece, and an image of your artwork. It is rare to see true etchings, which are printed with the artists pencil and signed on the back. How do you tell if an etch is authentic or fake? Value can change: The value of an item is dependent upon many things, including the . Bartsch developed this system, and numbered image upon image of Old Master prints. Item Details. Most early prints appear to have been images intended for private devotion, such as the Man of Sorrows, the Virgin or a saint, depicted in relatively simple outlines and meant to be hand-coloured. The prices for these paintings can vary greatly, depending on the paintings size, age, condition, and popularity. As with many artists of the time, Rembrandt originally made a name for himself through his portraits. The pressure in the press is enormous and with each run through the press, the printing block or plate wears. Rembrandts rare ability capture the unique physical and emotional characteristics of his subjects is also noteworthy in this astounding Rembrandt etching. Rembrandt is also known as a painter of . The works of the great graphic visionary Francisco de Goya (1746-1828), who has been described as the last Old Master and the first modern artist, serve as a useful, if somewhat arbitrary end point. Some of the most well-known etching artists include Rembrandt, Whistler, and Picasso. Of course, original etchings have the highest value . 2. J.G. 190 1641 B.128 and the other reads Cornelis Claesz Anslo Nr. Hatching is a technique for creating tonal value (areas of varying degrees . Browse Rembrandt Catalogue Raisonns Online. The earliest etchings on paper are believed to have been invented in Germany by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470-1536), and the earliest signed and dated etching known was created by Urs Graf in 1513. Size: 12x9 in | 30x23 cm Edition: Not Numbered, From the Edition of 2500 Framed with Plexiglass: Plate Signed: Signed and Dated Left of the Subject\\\'s Face. These items have been produced for many years, with earlier versions available from the 18th Century and newer variations made as recently as . to While the value of a Rembrandt etching can vary widely depending on its age, condition, and provenance, a typical example might sell for tens of thousands of dollars at auction. Text is . This method can be used to create a tonal palette that is subtle and nuanced. Because copper plates are soft and can be battered or burnished, the artist was able to make this work. He became a patron of sorts, assisting Rembrandt in jumpstarting his career as a professional artist. In many cases they only vaguely resemble the compositions or details that Rembrandt had in mind. Rembrandt Etchings - The Good, The Bad and The Ugly. If you believe you have a work by Rembrandt-paintings, drawing, or etching-we are prepared to evaluate it for you. This kind of mind was scientific, categorical and rational. . 68.101.i. Bartsch listed according to subject matter, or genre. In etching, the plate can be made of iron, copper, or zinc. Rembrandts early etched landscape scenes typically focus on a detailed foreground placed against a delicately suggested horizon, while his later etched landscape scenes convey more detailed backgrounds, often including imaginary elements such as mountains or exotic buildings. had the original portfolio, we would be talking around $500. Limited Edition Print: Etching on Ingres D'arches Off-White Laid Paper. ALL Elizabeths headshots by Santi Visalli. 0 bids. What do those numbers mean? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Elizabeth Stewart, PhD. Palo Alto, CA, Van Gogh Identified in Background of Toulouse-Lautrec Drawing, The History of Rembrandts Copper Etching Plates, Saint Peter and Saint John Healing the Cripple at the Gate of the Temple, 1659, Beggars Receiving Alms at the Door of a House, 1648, Christ and the Woman of Samaria, Among Ruins, 1634, Jakob Thomasz Haringh (The Young Haring), 1655, Nude Man Seated and Another Standing, with a Woman and Baby in the Background, c. 1646, Rembrandt's Mother in Widow's Dress and Black Gloves, 1632, Studies of the Heads of Saskia and Other Women, 1636, Jan Uytenbogaert, Arminian Preacher, 1635, The Descent from the Cross: Second Plate, 1633, Jan Antonides van der Linden, Professor of Medicine, c. 1665. Shortly after, he decided to add a window to the background of the plate, and printed some additional impressions. The lamps in this set have American lacquers and an original period shade. T.M.'s prints have some value, but not the value of an Old Master 1640 etching that can go for $6,000. 'Basan Recueil' Prints. For example, when Rembrandt first created the portrait etching of Jan Lutma, Goldsmith in 1656, he left the background mostly blank and printed a few . The plate is then covered in ink and the ink is transferred to paper when the plate is run through a printing press. The etching here is a self-portrait of Rembrandt, and that dates from 1634. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Following Rembrandt's passing in 1669, his remaining copper etching plates virtually stayed intact . A physical process, etching has the advantage of being more detailed and accurate than other forms of art. However, their value also depends on the popularity of the artist and the edition size. The first etchings were made by renowned artists like Albrecht Drer during the 15th century. A wonderfully elegant example of the artists work, the so-called Queen of Flowers B known only in this one impression was sold at Christies in London in 2006. These generally worn plates were then used by others to make more prints, and as the plates became more worn, they were reworked, by successive re-touchers and restorers (their names include Watelet, then Basan, Jean, Bernard, Beaumont (were now into the 20th Century!). This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 03:20 (UTC). Cordier . . What is the definition of an Old Master print? As reproduction techniques evolved over the centuries, Rembrandt's and other artists' works were distributed in a . New York: Dover, 1994. Between 1626 and 1665, Rembrandt created 300 etchings and drypoints. Acclaimed as the apotheosis of Rembrandts etched prints,The Hundred Guilder Print, with its large size and incredibly detailed depictions of human expression, is Rembrandts most desirable print. He received numerous commissions and opened a large workshop where he took on new pupils. But Rembrandt print connoisseurship is particularly involved and complex. Original Heliogravure on paper "A Cottage with White Pales" from the Rembrandt's Etching Suite. It was at this time that Rembrandt went into debt, largely due to poor bookkeeping and his knack for collecting old prints, drawings, albums, curios, and other art objects. His unparalleled skills and achievements as an etcher have made him a continuous source of inspiration to scholars and collectors alike, as well as a profound influence on many later artists, including Goya, Whistler and Picasso. It is one of the most important works in Dutch art history, and it has been translated into many languages. or Best Offer. An original Rembrandt Van Rijn etching. On 1stDibs, there are several options of rembrandt etchings available for sale. Many versions of these artworks are appealing in their rich colors and composition, but Rembrandt van Rijn , Glenn Brown , Jos Luis Cuevas , Pablo Picasso and (After) Rembrandt van Rijn produced especially popular works . How were the first Old Master prints made? Rembrandts powerful use of light and shadow to create a heightened sense of drama first became strikingly apparent in The Hundred Guilder Print, as we witness Christ illuminated at the center of the composition, standing against a dark and mysterious background. It is not necessary to have a signature, monogram, or other distinguishing feature of your Rembrandt print to make it valuable. Some auction houses sell hundreds of these prints at a time; its possible to sit through hours of Rembrandt lots, all with four or five figure sales (i.e, from about $1000 to 10,000 or sometimes more), without encountering a single lifetime impression in the sale. But despite that recent price, no one is quite sure which . A further subset of collecting is provided by the direct copies of Rembrandt's prints created by 18th, 19th and 20th century artists - the 'after Rembrandt' etchings that fetch sums in the hundreds of pounds or less. We will research its value and popularity for you. Name: _____ Period: _____ AP Art History Snapshot Image #: 87 Title: Self-portrait with Saskia Content Area: 3 Artist/Culture: Rembrandt van Rijn; Dutch Medium: Etching Date: 1636 Location / Size: 4" Style (if applicable): Northern (Dutch) Baroque Snapshot: Form (What does it look like? Self portrait in a flat cap and embroidered dress, The boat house [Grotto with a brook; Het spelonkje], Cottages and farm buildings with a man sketching, Nude man seated on the ground with one leg extended, A young man seated and standing [The walking trainer], Ephraim Bonus, Jewish physician [1599-1655], Jan Asselyn, painter [Crabbetje; 1610-52], Medea: or the marriage of Jason and Creusa, Pharisees in the Temple [Jews in the synagogue], Beggars receiving alms at the door of a house, Landscape with three gabled cottages beside a road, Canal with a large boat and bridge [Het schuytje op de voorgrondt], Clement de Jonghe, printseller [1624/25-77], Sheet of studies with the head of the artist, a beggar woman, woman and child, Landscape with trees, farm buildings and a tower, Christ disputing with the doctors: a sketch, Landscape with a hay barn and a flock of sheep, The adoration of the shepherds: a night piece, The Virgin with the instruments of the passion, Landscape with a fisherman [Het melkboertje], Christ crucified between the two thieves [Three crosses], The rest on the flight: altered from Seghers, Landscape with a shepherd and a dog [Het jagertje], St. Jerome reading in an Italian landscape, Christ returning from the Temple with his parents, The Virgin and the child with the cat and snake, The adoration of the shepherds: with the lamp, The presentation in the Temple in the dark manner, Pieter Haaringh [Young Haaringh; 1609-85], Thomas Haaringh [Old Haaringh; died 1660], Christ and the woman of Samaria: an arched print, Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove, Seated naked woman with a hat beside her [Woman at the bath], Seated naked woman [Woman bathing her feet at a brook], Lieven Willemsz van Coppenol, writing-master: the larger plate, Peter and John healing the cripple at the gate of the Temple, The woman with the arrow [Venus and Cupid? The artists signature appears on it. This is the question. Germany was at the center of etching in the 16th century. Catalogues raisonns of many of the most important printmakers describe such states deliberate or sometimes accidental changes (such as scratches or cracks) to the printing plates or blocks, which help to distinguish early from later or very late impressions. Rembrandt etchings and drypoints, were made working on copper plates, creating ink-holding furrows in these plates either directly (using a drypoint needle) or with etching (drawing through a wax-like substance covering a plate, then bathing the plate in acid to create furrows). The two telephone bidders who came in first and second in the competition prevailed. Eight original etchings by Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606 - 1669) are now available for the first time in nearly one hundred years - - the Millennium Impressions. IFAR has an online database of published catalogue raisonne. Without these (mostly) unknown scholars working for years, the art worlds auctions would grind to a halt. The value of etchings varies greatly, with no single standard that can be used to determine their worth. no. Colorful textures and shapes, as well as a wide range of colors, are ideal for decorating a room. $495.00. The bottom of one reads The Schoolmaster Nr. SPONSORED. The artists aesthetic is determined by the piece. From early on, paper mills marked their papers with watermarks. At the time of Basan's death in 1797, Rembrandt's copper etching plates were inherited by his son, Henri Louis Basan, who published a limited second recueil. From this method, it was only a small step to cutting a stand-alone image into the block, which could then be printed onto cloth, vellum or, with the establishment of the first paper mills in Europe around this time, paper. 13 January - 6 February 2022. Depending on the condition and rarity of the print, they can be worth hundreds or even thousands of dollars. A certified art appraiser is responsible for determining the authenticity and value of works of art, such as etchings. The women are holding a flower and a bottle of smelling salts, respectively. vols. The worker at the rear dabs ink on a metal plate bearing the design. This happened, possibly simultaneously, in central Italy and around the Upper Rhine, in a region that is today Alsace, in southwest Germany and in Switzerland, in the workshops of gold- and silversmiths. has a series of 12, which indicates a portfolio, generated for the public in the 1920-40s. American Association of Appraisers, Certified Member. His catalog of Old Master prints laid the foundations of the history of printmaking. Sheet of studies, with a woman lying ill in bed, etc. Rembrandt van Rijn was a central figure in the Dutch Golden Age, a period of exceptional creativity, prosperity, military prowess and scientific discovery that took place in Holland during the 17th century. Rembrandts etchings are highly sought after by collectors, and his work continues to inspire artists today. REDUCED. Rembrandt, deemed "The Master Etcher" by art historians, needs no introduction. Rembrandt is considered one of the most important artists of the Dutch Golden Age, and his etchings are highly prized by collectors. Bartsch and the 18th century categorical thinkers made the card catalog of the world, without which (listen up, millennials) we would have no Google. Martin Schongauer (c. 1445-1491), The Flagellation, from: The Master of the Playing Cards (active circa 1435-55). A little-known hero, he classified print images the way Carl Linnaeus invented the modern naming system of organisms in botany. Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn, born in Leiden on July 15, 1606, was the son of a miller, Harmen Gerritsz van Rijn, and his wife, Neeltgen van Zuytbrouck. The vast majority of Rembrandt etchings sold worldwide are posthumous impressions created at least a century after his death. A plate can be made of copper, iron, or zinc. This is still the main catalogue raisonne of all Rembrandt prints, and has been reprinted numerous times up until 1982. This etching depicts the final scene in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) in which the Samaritan stopped to help a traveler who had been attacked by robbers. In the case of paintings, drawings, or prints by Rembrandt there are several specific issues that are of critical importance. Privacy Policy. 24 Prices vary widely based on size, subject matter, edition, and condition, from a few hundred dollars for small portraits or works attributed to imitators up to several hundred thousand dollars for major works. Bartsch. or Best Offer. Even centuries after his lifetime, Rembrandt's etchings are still considered some of the finest examples of the medium. From portraits to biblical scenes, Rembrandt captures the triumphs and tragedies of humanity with incredibly vivid and detailed portrayals. Did Rembrandt print his own etchings? They are produced by coating a sheet of copper with a wax mixture known as ground and then pressing them into it. Fine-art prints are typically limited editions of 20, 30 or 50 copies. Look at my first paragraph: B-128 and B-271. Those are the numbers assigned to Rembrandts prints by the late 18th through early 19th century scholar Johann Adam Bernhard Ritter von Bartsch (1757-1821) of Austria. For any art object, a variety of factors will influence the work's value. The goal of an appraisal is to determine the estimated value of a work of art. To demonstrate just how valuable etchings can be, a Rembrandt etching can sell for $5,000 to $150,000 USD. Given that Rembrandt van Rijn painted over 700 paintings, it comes as no surprise that his most valuable paintings are the ones that are only a few copies. An oil painting by Ivan Jensen on canvas measuring 30 inches wide by 40 inches tall is stunning and rare. Get the best deals on Rembrandt van Rijn Art Prints when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. To prepare the plate for etching, it is first polished to remove all scratches and imperfections from the surface. The price range for an etching by a European artist is between $50 and $200. The value of most Rembrandt etchings has risen considerably during the past several decades and continues to rise. Bartsch and the 18th century categorical thinkers made the card catalog of the world, without which (listen up, millennials) we would have no Google. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Landscape Country Lane Cottages Benjamin Wilson 1751 Etching Rembrandt Imitating at the best online prices at eBay! These worthy tomes include the artists bibliographies, titles, sizes; dates of the work and reproductions; and who has owned the work. 23rd May 2016. Rembrandt continued to be a productive artist and active teacher but remained in debt, working at the service of Hendrickje and his son Titus until their respective deaths in 1663 and 1668. For engravings, the opposite is true: they are intaglio prints, which means that the image is created by grooves cut into the metal plate, while the surface remains blank. read more However, with the B written there, they are at least post-Bartschs category system of the early 19th century. 1648. BEGA -DUTCH 1634-1664 CORNEILIUS BEGA ORIGINAL. This is a very fine, early impression of this famous and important print of 1514. This is simply fantastic. Worn plates make worn impressions. Valuable Rembrandt prints do not only have to be from the 1600s (during Rembrandt's lifetime). Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn is considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. It is not a matter of mere snobbery or of authenticity the sense that a sheet was handled by the artist and printed in his workshop but of quality and aesthetic pleasure. In the early days, the woodblock or engraved plate would simply be pressed onto or rubbed against the paper by hand processes which would quite quickly be replaced by the use of printing presses. While the big names, and Albrecht Drer and Rembrandt above all, still dominate the market in terms of the numbers of prints offered and prices achieved, fine, early impressions of their prints have today become quite scarce. The Complete Etchings of Rembrandt Reproduced in Original Size, Gary Schwartz (editor). Rembrandts etchings also offer psychological interpretations that evoke personal involvement or investment with his subjects they tend to focus on the human soul, displaying personality through the power of gesture and expression. The corpus of Rembrandt's etchings is less problematic, thanks in large part to the eighteenth-century catalog compiled by Adam von Bartsch. T.M. They never have the richness, or details, or subtleties of the lifetime impressions. If youre looking for an original rembrandt from a specific time period, our collection is diverse and wide-ranging. A new show of prints shows just how important Victor Pasmore was to the evolution of British art in the late twentieth century. Rembrandt was a pioneer in terms of etching, a style that requires a copper plate to be . Rembrandt held a particular fascination for beggars a fact evidenced by the many depictions of them as destitute, elderly, injured, or sick within Rembrandts etchings. Our Art Value Guide provides free information about how to value your Rembrandt van Rijn Artwork. Rembrandt is one of the most well-known artists of all time and his etchings are highly sought-after by collectors. The painting was painted a year after Rembrandts death, in 1634. There is another etching option, but the artist must ink it every time. After images of the artist himself, the next category lists biblical subject matter. To the extent that I receive anything of value . In 1520, he sent two hundred impressions and the copper plate to the Cardinal, and received 200 gold guilders and a quantity of fine cloth by way of payment. He is celebrated as a portraitist who paid particular attention to the physical characteristics and expressions of his subjects faces, capturing their distinct personalities and emotions within his etchings. Copyright document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) - All Rights Reserved - Rembrandt Experts. From 1634-1641, Rembrandt and Saskia had 3 children, all of whom died in infancy. It is possible, however, that the value will rise if the signature is identified. van Rijn (1606-1669), Self-Portrait, with Curly Hair and White Collar: Bust. Very few examples survive of these earliest prints, which were created by anonymous craftsmen. Etching. Ending Feb 13 at 11:36AM PST 3d 19h. But even if one is willing to get into this depth, and then willing to spend large sums, my advice to the beginning collector is to study Rembrandt, but learn about other artists too there are many ways to get into print collecting and many wonderful artist / printmakers and prints to choose from. In 1916, Beaumont applied a layer . Rembrandt etchings and prints available on 1stDibs span a range of colors that includes gray, beige, black, white and more. Much research has been carried out to determine the types of papers used by different printmakers over the course of their careers. A 17th century/lifetime impression of Bartsch, Usticke and New Hollstein's fourth and final state of . Because Rembrandt is so well known, many collectors want to start their print collecting career by owning a Rembrandt. Often people mistakenly pay too much for a common Rembrandt restrike (perhaps misleadingly sold nicely framed of course as a lifetime impression), and when they learn about what theyve done become soured on print collecting. Etching, circa 1630, on laid paper, without watermark. One of only two known portraits of two people by Rembrandt, Portrait of Maerten Soolmans and Portrait of Oopjen Coppit, depicts Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit. The Court of Appeal of 1684 ruled in favor of the Court of Appeal of 1684 in the case of the Circoncision of 1664. Born in Leiden in 1606, Rembrandt was to become the most important artist of the Dutch Golden Age. How 8 of Rembrandt's Original Etching Plates Changed Hands for Over 300 Years. How can one determine the time a print was made? Rembrandt prints at auction April 28: From left to right: Self Portrait with a Raised Sabre, etching, 1634.Estimate $30,000 to $50,000; The Rat Catcher, etching and drypoint, 1632.Estimate $25,000 to $35,000. Most of the earliest engravings were quite small, hand-coloured and pasted into books, thus serving as cheap substitutes for book illuminations. with plumed cap and lowered sabre, Christ and the woman of Samaria: among ruins, Self portrait wearing a soft cap: full face, head only, Christ driving the moneychangers from the Temple, St. Jerome kneeling in prayer, looking down, Jan Uytenbogaert, preacher of the Remonstrants [1557-1644], Old bearded man in a high fur cap, with eyes closed, Bald old man with a short beard, in right profile, Young man in a velvet cap [Petrus Sylvius, preacher? As attested to by a recent sale of the artist's etchings at Christie's (London, 2006), many of them significantly outperform their estimates: the famous Christ Crucified Between the Two Thieves (B., Holl. This provides some evidence as to a possible print run at the time the idea of a limited edition only arose in the second half of the 19th century. "The Golf Player" (1654), Rembrandt Van Rijn. As attested to by a recent sale of the artist's etchings at Christie's (London, 2006), many of them significantly outperform their estimates: the famous Christ Crucified Between the Two Thieves (B., Holl. 1 When it comes to the artwork, it is possible to sell a print by an acclaimed artist for far more than when it comes from a lesser-known artist. There are numerous factors that can affect the price of a print, including how it is produced and how artists interact with it, so conduct your research prior to purchasing one. Ancient and unique forms of art, etching is used to depict scenes from history or mythology. Each time a print is made, the copper plate wears down a bit. It only took a change of perspective to realise that metal plates could be engraved specifically for the creation of images, and that multiple impressions of these images could be printed. An etching made using a metal plate was a method preferred by artists such as Rembrandt, according to the Fine Art Advocacy. In many instances, there is hard evidence concerning the chronology of the printing, as prints often exist in different states. A 19th century etching goes for $300. 220 Hamilton Ave, In his most confident self-portrait etching, Rembrandt portrayed himself in the manner of a Renaissance courtier. In the popular musical "Hamilton," George Washington reminds the audience that no one has any . First and foremost it is a question of quality of how strong, clear and rich the image appears. It looks silvery, yet warm, with strong, yet subtle contrasts and great clarity, says Tim Schmelcher of the work above. Just to prove that etchings can be extremely valuable, Rembrandt's etchings have sold in the range from $5,000 to $150,000 USD. Even a painting as supposedly secure as the Polish Rider has divided scholars: following an attribution to Rembrandt in the nineteenth century the painting's authorship was questioned in 1984 before being re-attributed to Rembrandt in the 1990s. Original etching printed in black ink on laid paper bearing a portion of an unidentified watermark. van Rijn (1606-1669), to add a window to the background of the plate. Rembrandt is considered one of the most important artists of the Dutch Golden Age, and his etchings are highly prized by collectors. When ink is applied to damp paper by pressing it against a metal plate, an outline of the metal plates outer edges is created. While Rembrandt was overjoyed with the birth of Titus, his happiness was short-lived, as Saskia died of tuberculosis in 1642, a year after Titus birth. has two etchings on paper mounted on a sheet. His innovations to the art of etching would go on to influence Goya, Picasso, Chagall, and generations of artists to come. He printed impressions personally, often varying the inks, the paper, the wiping (how much and how selectively he wiped the ink off the plate before printing), and of course made different states. In 1630, Rembrandt moved back to Amsterdam and married Saskia Uylenburgh, the daughter of a prominent art dealer. How much is a Rembrandt self portrait worth? A 19th century etching goes for $300. Alongside Lievens, Rembrandts etching skills improved vastly. Historical Description. A fake or print may have a lower level of detail than a genuine etching. In 1906, Michael Bernard sold the collection of copper plates to Alvin Beaumont, who then published a series of Rembrandt etchings that are known as "Beaumont impressions.". Please check and try again. The natural pattern of the marble is covered by an extra layer of engraving. After each printing, he allowed the ink to run on the plates for a few minutes before adding the contrasts and tones he desired. About Rembrandt Etchings. View Rembrandt artworks sold at auction to research and compare prices. It is likely that Watelet actually owned 83 of Rembrandt's copper plates because Basan published a recueil of Rembrandt etchings from 83 Rembrandt copper plates between 1789 and 1797. Getting Started With Picasso: The Image Downloading And Caching Library For Android, The End Of Picasa: Why Google Is Shutting Down The App. Rembrandt created some 300 etchings and drypoints from about 1626 to 1665. In accordance with methods adopted by the Rembrandt Research Project and accepted methodologies of art authentication, Rembrandt Experts are ready to undertake all the necessary work to evaluate your drawing, painting, or etching: dendochronological analysis (for wood panels), x-ray photography, pigment analyses, provenance and archival research, and in-person connoisseurship. Can you imagine (pre-internet) tracking this down? Etchings and aquatints are made by using acid to bite the recesses into the plate, while lines are scratched directly into the plate to create adrypoint. Prints pulled from the original etching plate are obviously the most valuable. Required fields are marked *. Unfortunately, the image may have been printed on part of a sheet that does not have a watermark, in which case we have to rely on the paper structure alone to determine the approximate date of its production. 78; H. 270), estimated between $380,000 and 560,000, sold for an astonishing $971,454. . So in 1978, The Illustrated Bartsch was established to include illustrations and new print works since attributed to Rembrandt. Etched lines wear down too.
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