What makes the scientific discipline of geography different from other science disciplines is its emphasis on space, place, and connection. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. establishing a center for the study of marine science and navigation in Portugal. Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. Who is father of geography in India? The actual circumference of the Earth is 24,874 miles (40,032 kilometers). Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. Eratosthenes also calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon and to the Sun, but with less accuracy. The second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. III. Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. Ptolemy made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, geography, musical theory, and optics. Transit of Venus across the sum verified orbits 2. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. Starting with the first prime number, two, all multiples of two are crossed off. Todays measurement is 40,075 km. He had become blind in his old age and could no longer work by 195 BCE. Marcotte, D. (1998). He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. Other things that Eratosthenes thought but did not turn out to be: the fact that the earth is a perfect sphere, that Alexandria is exactly north of Siena, and that the sun's rays are perfectly parallel. and more. Eratosthenes measured Earths circumference mathematically using two surface points to make the calculation. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. How did the Egyptians contribute to oceanography? What was Eratosthenes greatest achievement? Eratosthenes also found a solution to the so-called Deliano problem, or the doubling of the cube. But Eratosthenes, who had wide-ranging interests including poetry, theatre and ethics, was first and foremost an astronomer, and Alexandria was the place to go for astronomical studies. According to Strabo, Eratosthenes argued against the Greek-Barbarian dichotomy. His major work is 'Ges-periods' which is the first systematic description of the world. The exact length of the units (stadia) he used is doubtful, and the accuracy of his result is therefore uncertain. (40,000 miles). Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. in. The correct answer is to determine the Earths circumference. He calculated the size of the Earth using geometry and ratios based on sun observations. Eratosthenes was an illustrious ancient Greek polymath who had expertise in mathematics, astronomy and geography. Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library; his calculation was remarkably accurate. Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. He extended the habitable world from Thule to Taprabone (Sri Lanka) and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Bay of Bengal. [6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. Isaac, Benjamin. In the text, he described the inhabited earth and the people who lived there. He was the first to affirm that the heavy rains in the headwaters could explain the floods in the lower part of the flow. Prince Henry the navigators contribution to ocean exploration included? Posidonius wrote a bookThe Ocean. 2. In his work Geographika, Eratosthenes described and made maps of the known territories. Geography consisted of eight volumes. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. What are the most common nonsilicate, Your floor (length x width) can be used to calculate your square footage. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. The fourth is the prominent grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantium, who succeeded Eratosthenes as head of the Library of Alexandria. The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. He never married. Euclid, Greek Eukleides, (flourished c. 300 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements. Rist, J.M. The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt, commissioned Eratosthenes to run the Library of Alexandria, which became the most important center of knowledge in the region. It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in oceans. For his studies on the earth, Eratosthenes is known as the "father of geography." 2. Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference, and invented the latitude/longitude system. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. March 2023; He invented Syene (near today's Aswan) is located some 800 km up the Nile river from Alexandria very close to the tropic of Cancer (2327'N), so at the time of the summer solstice the Sun's rays fall vertically down on Syrene at noon. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. Your email address will not be published. The Greeks not only extended the horizon of geography from the Aegean Sea to Spain and Gaul, the Russian steppes in Central Asia, the Indus river in the east and Ethiopia in the south, but also put the subject on a sound footing by making remarkable contributions in the field of mathematical, physical, historical and regional geography. Uci Computer Science And Engineering, 2, 1977. Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. Geography consisted of eight volumes. At this time Eratosthenes took advantage of his position and the access to the information he had to learn about the most diverse subjects. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Eratosthenes (born c. 276 BCE, Cyrene, Libya) was a Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet who made the first measurements of Earths size for which any details are known. This is important to marine science because these concepts are used for locations around the globe. All of the planets, except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods and godesses. The simplified method works by considering two cities along the same meridian and measuring both the distance between them and the difference in angles of the shadows cast by the sun on a vertical rod (a gnomon) in each city at noon on the summer solstice. What were Eratosthenes major achievements? He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. The estimate is over 99 percent of the actual distance of 40,008 km. He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth. This, so it happens, and when seeing the offering, someone says: this is the work of the Cyrenean Eratosthenes. He drew the meridian through Alexandria, Syene, Rhodes and the mouth of Boresthenes (Dniester). Despite the fact that in Greek times young people from wealthy families had more access to education, there were male academies. The first book of "Geography" contained a summary of existing geographical work and Eratosthenes' speculations about the nature of the planet Earth. Cyrene, then a Greek city, is now the town of Shahhat in Libya. The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. He also tried to determine the obliquity of the ecliptic. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. His interest in Plato led him to write his very first work at a scholarly level, Platonikos, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies. However, he assumed that Siena was right over the Tropic of Cancer, a fact that was incorrect. The suns rays are parallel, and the earth is round. Which common nonsilicate mineral is used in wallboard. [2] Eratosthenes described his arc measurement technique,[14] in a book entitled .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}On the measure of the Earth, which has not been preserved. Your email address will not be published. Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined ( in the case of single individual bungalows) and the height of the roof in buildings etc. His mathematical work is known principally from the writings of the Greek geometer Pappus of Alexandria, and his geographical work from the first two books of the Geography of the Greek geographer Strabo. In 1870, Dr. C. Wyville Thomson suggested that the Royal Society of London ask the British government for the use of one of its ships for an extended . He developed Read more. Menu. Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. Why do you suppose the residents of Alexandria became hostile to the librarians and the many achievements of the library? An account of Eratosthenes method is preserved in the Greek astronomer Cleomedes Meteora. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. After study in Alexandria and Athens, Eratosthenes settled in Alexandria about 255 bce and became director of the great library there. This meant that if he continued the light waves at Alexandria and the light waves at Syene, they would meet at a 7.2 degree angle at the center of the earth. At the Library of Alexandria, he was the chief librarian where he read books on a variety of disciplines that expanded his knowledge extensively. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. One of Eratosthenes contributions to mathematics was his measurement of the Earth. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Although these tables have not survived, it is claimed that twelve books of tables of chords were written by Hipparchus. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. Eratosthenes was an Ancient Greek scientist born in the town of Cyrene in about 276 BC. All Categories. Humboldt and Kant. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. He published a book that he called GeographikaIt was there that he first coined the term geography. to find all prime numbers between any two integers. In the same way, he wrote poetry and his themes included the stories of the constellations. Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. Then numbers that are not prime are discarded. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. In Athens he met so many philosophers that he was both amazed and overwhelmed. He is known as the Father of Mathematics. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. [6] Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. how do floodplains jeopardize the livelihoods of agricultural workers. They also built a ship know as the Knarr. Earth Science Oceanography: An Invitation To Marine Science, Loose-leaf Versin How did the Library of Alexandria contribute to the development of marine science? Using your own words, write a paragraph about Eratosthenes and his contributions to math and science. Eratosthenes was a lover of the theater and wrote a series of twelve books which he titled Old Comedy. Term. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. [4] He created the first global projection of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era. Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in Libya in North Africa. Read about the life of Eratosthenes. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The inscription that Eratosthenes made in the mesolabe that he gave to Ptolemy III, said: "This you have at hand, friend, if you want to get double a small cube, or that transformation into any other solid figure, and also if you measure in this way an enclosure or a silo or the concave cavity of a well when you take the concurrences means between extreme limits within double rules . He believed that the celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. (2004/2006). 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. We do not know what he looked like. Due to the increased risk of food poisoning, eating this popular, Petra was ecstatic over Jane and Rafaels happy ending during the series finale, fearing that she would never find love again. A) discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India B) the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world C) a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet Morris, Terry R. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." He lived from 276 to 194 B.C. . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Eratosthenes was well acquainted with the extent of the Red sea, which he described as extending for about 9000 stadia (900 miles) from the head of Gulf of Suez to the Bab-al-Mandab. [25], This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. Eratosthenes was afflicted by blindness in his old age, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation. About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) The Fourteenth Edition incorporates He is credited with devising an algorithm for finding prime numbers called the sieve of Eratosthenes, in which one arranges the natural numbers in numerical order and strikes out one, every second number following two, every third number following three, and so on, which just leaves the prime numbers. His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. ing of the Eratosthenes Seamount could clearly provide invaluable information regarding the oceanography and the tectonics of the east-ern Mediterranean in pre-Messinian time (McCoy and Mart, 1988; Robertson, 1992) Woodside (1977) also noted the occurrence of a 200-km-wide magnetic anomaly underneath the seamount. Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today. In the quest to secure his newly regained domain, Ptolemy III saw fit to satisfy the people of Cyrene by offering a position as important as that of chief keeper of the great library of Alexandria to Eratosthenes. establishing a center of the study of marine science and navigation on Portugal What did Eratosthenes of Cyrene contribute to marine science and why is it important? Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. He divided the earth into 5 climatic zones: the frozen poles, under them two temperate zones and in the center a tropical belt that bordered the equator. Despite not having a prominent ancestry, Eratosthenes did come from a city that had achieved recognition by the men who were born in it. The Classical Review. Eratosthenes was also interested in history and created a chronology of the world from the siege of Troy to his time, taking as references the dates that appeared in literature and in political writings. Vol. The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes becomes the first person to determine the circumference of the Earth. Several astronomers and mathematicians before and after Eratosthenes tried to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth, but is was Eratosthenes that came through. Arsinoe (a biography of Queen Arsinoe, wife and sister of Ptolemy IV). The nematode They are a group of animal that are characterized by having a cylindrical body, without egmentation. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is _____., The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was _____., The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was _____. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. to locate all prime numbers between two integers. Then he continued: "And do not try to understand the intricate tasks of the Archytas cylinders or the triple cuts of the cone of Menechmus or what the curved figure of the divine Eudoxus describes in its lines, because in these tablets you will easily find thousands of means even starting from poor start . In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. "La climatologie d'ratosthne Posidonios: gense d'une science humaine". This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Thus began the fame of Eratosthenes, since in his new field he achieved the recognition he had desired. Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation posted on: Nov 4, 2015 The world's earliest geographical and navigational charts were developed by Canaanites who, probably simultaneously with the Egyptians, discovered the Atlantic Ocean. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. The book written by him describes the ekumene (inhabited) world. They made the earliest form of navigational or oceanographic map, called stick charts. Life. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . In the Geography the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown, which had never been achieved before. Greek Scholar's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement. He remained the librarian for about 40 years till his death. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. Homers Iliad and The Odyssey were thought to be the first books on the subject. He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes is said to have coined the term geography in Ancient Greece. Finally he wrote: Happy father, Ptolemy, because with your son you enjoy the age! So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. Archives. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. Eratosthenes, then thirty years old, accepted Ptolemy's invitation and traveled to Alexandria, where he lived for the rest of his life. It provides insights into economic, social, historic, culture, religious, political, and climate geography, plus oceanography, demographics, and more. He is also recognized for his mathematical innovation, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, which identified prime numbers, and his position as head of the . Youll get a, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. [6], Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes. Losing the ability to read and to observe nature plagued and depressed him, leading him to voluntarily starve himself to death. Who succeeded Eratosthenes as the chief librarian of Alexandria? Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. But he did not find in them a style that appealed to him. He uses the angles of shadows and the distance between Alexandria and Syene to arrive at a value of 24,855 miles (40,000 kilometers). A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. In this work, which for the first time described the geography of the entire inhabited world as it was then known, Eratosthenes of Kyrene (ca. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . ", Zhumud, Leonid. Who is the first geographer in the world? Eratosthenes was educated in philosophy and mathematics in Athens. He was called Pentathlos, a title given to those who were victors in the five tests of the Olympic games, because he dedicated himself to cultivating all areas of knowledge. Modern Geographys founder, Alexander von Humboldt. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. [6] He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes, [7] He measure accurate length of equator, [8] Circumferences of the earth by Eratosthenes 25000 miles, but actual 24860 miles, PDF Name: Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Notes by Netset Corner, Chronologically Arranged Schools and Associate Scholars. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? As a young man, he traveled to Athens to pursue his studies. Oceanography 100 Karen Baker Quiz #2. Who is responsible for the first measurement of the circumference of the Earth? He also made a chart with the chronology of the Egyptian kings of Thebes, wrote about the conquests of Alexander the Great, and made a description of Greece at that time. Eratosthenes Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. Eratosthenes is named for the ancient Greek who first estimated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC. The word for a, Sulfates and Halides Gypsum is known in Colorado for mining gypsum, a mineral used in the construction of wallboard. He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. Your email address will not be published. The two cities used were Alexandria and Syene (modern Aswan), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional bematists. There he first coined the term "geography" and used his discoveries regarding the size and shape of the earth to represent it. The famous geographer and chief librarian at Alexandria Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE - 194 BCE) also referenced Pytheas in a treatise that, like On the Ocean, has been lost but that was widely circulated in the ancient world. A librarian named Hipparchus later placed lines of longitude at regular intervals, and this was improved even more by Ptolemy, who added cardinal directions and divided degrees into minutes and seconds. 285-205 BC) invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. Ben-Avraham et al. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. Leaving Cape Town in April 1932, Discoveryand its oceanographers, including George Deacon, circumnavigated Antarctica, much of the first few months at sea the Antarctic winter, completing the long series of sections in April 1933 before returning to England. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth, invents latitude and longitude 230 B.C. Plutarch's similar discussion claiming that Alexander ignored. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt . He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010. Plato as "Architect of Science". Systmone Remote Access, This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." The authors' texts have always been recognized for their readability, currency, dynamic art program, delivery of basic principles and instructor flexibility. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Although Eratosthenes method was well founded, the accuracy of his calculation was inherently limited. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. He spent most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Geographys History. In the 1960's, Eratosthenes crater was identified by Gene Shoemaker and Robert Hackman as a key stratigraphic marker delimiting the longest period (Eratosthenian) of the lunar timescale, thought to range from about 3.2 to 1.1 billion years old! Born: c. 276 BCE in Cyrene (present-day Libya) Died: 192 or 196 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt Early Life Eratosthenes was born around 276 BCE in a Greek colony in Cyrene, a territory located in present-day Libya. James Rennell has been called the Father of Indian Geography, and for his pioneering work on oceanography as the Father of Oceanography.. Who discovered the geography? Kerry Liverpool Supporters Club, He set the circumference measurement at 252,000 stadia, which is approximately 39,691 kilometers. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The first number following two that is not crossed off will be . He also dedicated to Eratosthenes The method. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. Atlantic Ocean Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces. Guillaumin (eds.). "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." [9], The measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,[13] who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050mi)), with an error on the real value between 2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525ft)). The first known table of chords was produced by the Greek mathematician Hipparchus in about 140 BC. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and silphium, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine. He may have measured the distances from Earth to both the Moon and to the Sun, but the historical accounts of both deeds are rather cryptic. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,[11] Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with a high precision. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Eckerman, Chris. So he trained and became famous as an academic.
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